The Impacts of False Accusations in The Crucible by Arthur...

The Crucible The crucible, a play by Arthur Miller, a story about adultery, false accusations, and forgiving. The story is a real life based event that happened in the 1600’s when people were falsely being accused of being â€Å"Witches†. Along with the false accusations, it led to punishments such as death. In The Crucible, John Proctor’s reputation around the town is known as an Adulterer, he was also victim of false accusations brought against him, and he was forgiving of his sins.] Abigail was a servant in Proctor ´s house. Elizabeth was not a very loving woman. Proctor fell for Abigail created an affair with her. â€Å"After he had confessed it to Elizabeth, she dismissed her from her service because she did not want to tell the people in Salem that the reason was the affair between John and Abigail.† (Dulain). Abigail, Tituba and the girls went to the forest in the morning. They danced and murmured words, Abigail drank blood to curse John Proctor’s wife Elizabeth, and she would do anything to have John Proctor. Reverend Paris fond blood, Abigail and the girl’s dancing, and mercy naked. Abigail knew drinking blood is a form of witchcraft, so she tries to cover up on what they actually did in the forest. She threatens the girls to not say a word or she will harm them. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy recko ning that will shudder you. (Miller)Show MoreRelatedImpact Of Irrational Fear On The Crucible By Arthur Miller1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Irrational Fear in The Crucible Throughout history, many horrific incidents based on an act of violence or disagreement have resulted in panic and mass hysteria. These historical events include but are not limited to, The Holocaust, mass shootings, and 9/11. Many of these tragic events have led to people being immensely afraid. These events often create fear for those who participate in everyday activities. A healthy community consists of a support system, peace, trust, and adheringRead MoreThe Crucible and McCarthyism1128 Words   |  4 Pageslike any practice, McCarthyism did have a mass impact on the lives of many people, but more specifically one literary by the name of Arthur Miller. McCarthyism affected him as a human being which in turn was reflected in his writings. McCarthyism was named after Joseph McCarthy, and it meant ruinous accusation without any basis in evidence. (Henry Popkin 139). Miller had been a victim of McCarthyism and this is what made him think of writing The Crucible. The Second Red Scare was known as McCarthyismRead MoreThe Destruction Of Salem By Arthur Miller1558 Words   |  7 PagesArmania Heckenmueller Mrs. Hagerty H English II 2EF 11/23/15 The Destruction of Salem Through Greed and Vengeance in The Crucible During the time The Crucible was set, the community of Salem was awry. It did not have the solid characteristics of what a healthy town should look like. Instead there was no trust between people, everyone was watching out for only themselves, and most of the townspeople were turning their backs on the disastrous deeds of the court. The people of Salem feel like they haveRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1073 Words   |  5 Pagesfascination about witches swept through the small, Puritan village in Salem. The impacts of the allegations were fatal; for many people their families were torn apart and life as they knew it was gone. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, he illustrates this. Miller’s purpose was to show how fear motivates people and he demonstrates this through the characters of Mary Warren, Tituba, and Reverend Parris. In the play The Crucible Miller’s purpose of fear can motivate people is also demonstrated by the characterRead MoreThe Themes Of Mccarthyism In The Crucible By Arthur Miller1685 Words   |  7 Pagesthe truth which would ruin their lives or lie and accuse others to save oneself. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller emphasizes mass hysteria caused by people accusing innocent people to save oneself from death. Even though the Salem witch trials and the McCarthyism era took place in different time periods, they both show the reoccurring theme of chaos caused by lying and accusing others to save oneself. The Crucible, which illustrates the time during the Salem witch trials parallels McCarthyism becauseRead MoreArthur Millers Good Night, And Good Luck1855 Words   |  8 PagesA term coined in the 1950s, McCarthyism is the general act of making accusations of treason or subversion without proper regard for evidence. Both Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and George Clooney’s Good Night, and Good Luck explore the theme of McCarthyism through numerous ways using conventions of their text types: respectively a play and a film. Each through characterisation and symbolism, as well as individually through the plays title and narrative style, and the films editing, camera techniquesRead MoreArthur Millers The Crucible In connection to McCarthyism1620 Words   |  7 Pagesof this. The accusations of communism led to a nation-wide hysteria and fear of who was going to be named next. When this was over, the hope would be that nothing like it would ever happen again and nothing like it had ever happened before. However, we have not only repeated it on various occasions, but through Arthur Millers The Crucible, we also see the parallel of the event with the Salem Witch hunts that took place years before the hearings. The connection between The Crucible and the McCarthyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Crucible And A Scene by Arthur Miller Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesAn alysis Of The Crucible And A Scene by Arthur Miller The Crucible was first produced in 1953 during the McCarthy political witch-hunt. The Crucible is governed around, the corrupted degeneration of society during this sombre period. Arthur Miller saw many parallels in this period with the witch hunt in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. Most significantly the naà ¯ve yet extremely unjust accusations, the forced confessions and ultimately the growth of such a diminutiveRead MoreMass Hysteria And The Boston Marathon Bombing1380 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most. According to Abraham Lincoln, the United States will not fall from without, but from within. Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible in 1963. Miller illustrates mass hysteria by using the actions of Abigail, Tituba, and Marry Warren in order to show how their actions compromised justice in Salem. The response of the Boston Marathon Bombing is an example of mass hysteria like in The Crucible. In this essay, I will argue that those who act to preserve power use fear and uncertainty, irrationalRead MoreAbigail Williams1805 Words   |  8 PagesBeautiful Mind where John Nash was having false imaginations of things including agents trying to kill this other person and amongst many other things. But none of those imaginations were true, he was just imagining them. Later it is revealed that Nash suffers from Schizophrenia. â€Å"Schizophrenia is a collection of related psychiatric d isorders of unknown etiology that follow a specific pattern of behavior† (Basile 747). This was also seen in the play The Crucible. In this specific play Abigail Williams

The Impacts of False Accusations in The Crucible by Arthur...

The Crucible The crucible, a play by Arthur Miller, a story about adultery, false accusations, and forgiving. The story is a real life based event that happened in the 1600’s when people were falsely being accused of being â€Å"Witches†. Along with the false accusations, it led to punishments such as death. In The Crucible, John Proctor’s reputation around the town is known as an Adulterer, he was also victim of false accusations brought against him, and he was forgiving of his sins.] Abigail was a servant in Proctor ´s house. Elizabeth was not a very loving woman. Proctor fell for Abigail created an affair with her. â€Å"After he had confessed it to Elizabeth, she dismissed her from her service because she did not want to tell the people in Salem that the reason was the affair between John and Abigail.† (Dulain). Abigail, Tituba and the girls went to the forest in the morning. They danced and murmured words, Abigail drank blood to curse John Proctor’s wife Elizabeth, and she would do anything to have John Proctor. Reverend Paris fond blood, Abigail and the girl’s dancing, and mercy naked. Abigail knew drinking blood is a form of witchcraft, so she tries to cover up on what they actually did in the forest. She threatens the girls to not say a word or she will harm them. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy recko ning that will shudder you. (Miller)Show MoreRelatedImpact Of Irrational Fear On The Crucible By Arthur Miller1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Irrational Fear in The Crucible Throughout history, many horrific incidents based on an act of violence or disagreement have resulted in panic and mass hysteria. These historical events include but are not limited to, The Holocaust, mass shootings, and 9/11. Many of these tragic events have led to people being immensely afraid. These events often create fear for those who participate in everyday activities. A healthy community consists of a support system, peace, trust, and adheringRead MoreThe Crucible and McCarthyism1128 Words   |  4 Pageslike any practice, McCarthyism did have a mass impact on the lives of many people, but more specifically one literary by the name of Arthur Miller. McCarthyism affected him as a human being which in turn was reflected in his writings. McCarthyism was named after Joseph McCarthy, and it meant ruinous accusation without any basis in evidence. (Henry Popkin 139). Miller had been a victim of McCarthyism and this is what made him think of writing The Crucible. The Second Red Scare was known as McCarthyismRead MoreThe Destruction Of Salem By Arthur Miller1558 Words   |  7 PagesArmania Heckenmueller Mrs. Hagerty H English II 2EF 11/23/15 The Destruction of Salem Through Greed and Vengeance in The Crucible During the time The Crucible was set, the community of Salem was awry. It did not have the solid characteristics of what a healthy town should look like. Instead there was no trust between people, everyone was watching out for only themselves, and most of the townspeople were turning their backs on the disastrous deeds of the court. The people of Salem feel like they haveRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1073 Words   |  5 Pagesfascination about witches swept through the small, Puritan village in Salem. The impacts of the allegations were fatal; for many people their families were torn apart and life as they knew it was gone. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, he illustrates this. Miller’s purpose was to show how fear motivates people and he demonstrates this through the characters of Mary Warren, Tituba, and Reverend Parris. In the play The Crucible Miller’s purpose of fear can motivate people is also demonstrated by the characterRead MoreThe Themes Of Mccarthyism In The Crucible By Arthur Miller1685 Words   |  7 Pagesthe truth which would ruin their lives or lie and accuse others to save oneself. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller emphasizes mass hysteria caused by people accusing innocent people to save oneself from death. Even though the Salem witch trials and the McCarthyism era took place in different time periods, they both show the reoccurring theme of chaos caused by lying and accusing others to save oneself. The Crucible, which illustrates the time during the Salem witch trials parallels McCarthyism becauseRead MoreArthur Millers Good Night, And Good Luck1855 Words   |  8 PagesA term coined in the 1950s, McCarthyism is the general act of making accusations of treason or subversion without proper regard for evidence. Both Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and George Clooney’s Good Night, and Good Luck explore the theme of McCarthyism through numerous ways using conventions of their text types: respectively a play and a film. Each through characterisation and symbolism, as well as individually through the plays title and narrative style, and the films editing, camera techniquesRead MoreArthur Millers The Crucible In connection to McCarthyism1620 Words   |  7 Pagesof this. The accusations of communism led to a nation-wide hysteria and fear of who was going to be named next. When this was over, the hope would be that nothing like it would ever happen again and nothing like it had ever happened before. However, we have not only repeated it on various occasions, but through Arthur Millers The Crucible, we also see the parallel of the event with the Salem Witch hunts that took place years before the hearings. The connection between The Crucible and the McCarthyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Crucible And A Scene by Arthur Miller Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesAn alysis Of The Crucible And A Scene by Arthur Miller The Crucible was first produced in 1953 during the McCarthy political witch-hunt. The Crucible is governed around, the corrupted degeneration of society during this sombre period. Arthur Miller saw many parallels in this period with the witch hunt in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. Most significantly the naà ¯ve yet extremely unjust accusations, the forced confessions and ultimately the growth of such a diminutiveRead MoreMass Hysteria And The Boston Marathon Bombing1380 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most. According to Abraham Lincoln, the United States will not fall from without, but from within. Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible in 1963. Miller illustrates mass hysteria by using the actions of Abigail, Tituba, and Marry Warren in order to show how their actions compromised justice in Salem. The response of the Boston Marathon Bombing is an example of mass hysteria like in The Crucible. In this essay, I will argue that those who act to preserve power use fear and uncertainty, irrationalRead MoreAbigail Williams1805 Words   |  8 PagesBeautiful Mind where John Nash was having false imaginations of things including agents trying to kill this other person and amongst many other things. But none of those imaginations were true, he was just imagining them. Later it is revealed that Nash suffers from Schizophrenia. â€Å"Schizophrenia is a collection of related psychiatric d isorders of unknown etiology that follow a specific pattern of behavior† (Basile 747). This was also seen in the play The Crucible. In this specific play Abigail Williams

The Impacts of False Accusations in The Crucible by Arthur...

The Crucible The crucible, a play by Arthur Miller, a story about adultery, false accusations, and forgiving. The story is a real life based event that happened in the 1600’s when people were falsely being accused of being â€Å"Witches†. Along with the false accusations, it led to punishments such as death. In The Crucible, John Proctor’s reputation around the town is known as an Adulterer, he was also victim of false accusations brought against him, and he was forgiving of his sins.] Abigail was a servant in Proctor ´s house. Elizabeth was not a very loving woman. Proctor fell for Abigail created an affair with her. â€Å"After he had confessed it to Elizabeth, she dismissed her from her service because she did not want to tell the people in Salem that the reason was the affair between John and Abigail.† (Dulain). Abigail, Tituba and the girls went to the forest in the morning. They danced and murmured words, Abigail drank blood to curse John Proctor’s wife Elizabeth, and she would do anything to have John Proctor. Reverend Paris fond blood, Abigail and the girl’s dancing, and mercy naked. Abigail knew drinking blood is a form of witchcraft, so she tries to cover up on what they actually did in the forest. She threatens the girls to not say a word or she will harm them. Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy recko ning that will shudder you. (Miller)Show MoreRelatedImpact Of Irrational Fear On The Crucible By Arthur Miller1563 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Irrational Fear in The Crucible Throughout history, many horrific incidents based on an act of violence or disagreement have resulted in panic and mass hysteria. These historical events include but are not limited to, The Holocaust, mass shootings, and 9/11. Many of these tragic events have led to people being immensely afraid. These events often create fear for those who participate in everyday activities. A healthy community consists of a support system, peace, trust, and adheringRead MoreThe Crucible and McCarthyism1128 Words   |  4 Pageslike any practice, McCarthyism did have a mass impact on the lives of many people, but more specifically one literary by the name of Arthur Miller. McCarthyism affected him as a human being which in turn was reflected in his writings. McCarthyism was named after Joseph McCarthy, and it meant ruinous accusation without any basis in evidence. (Henry Popkin 139). Miller had been a victim of McCarthyism and this is what made him think of writing The Crucible. The Second Red Scare was known as McCarthyismRead MoreThe Destruction Of Salem By Arthur Miller1558 Words   |  7 PagesArmania Heckenmueller Mrs. Hagerty H English II 2EF 11/23/15 The Destruction of Salem Through Greed and Vengeance in The Crucible During the time The Crucible was set, the community of Salem was awry. It did not have the solid characteristics of what a healthy town should look like. Instead there was no trust between people, everyone was watching out for only themselves, and most of the townspeople were turning their backs on the disastrous deeds of the court. The people of Salem feel like they haveRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1073 Words   |  5 Pagesfascination about witches swept through the small, Puritan village in Salem. The impacts of the allegations were fatal; for many people their families were torn apart and life as they knew it was gone. In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, he illustrates this. Miller’s purpose was to show how fear motivates people and he demonstrates this through the characters of Mary Warren, Tituba, and Reverend Parris. In the play The Crucible Miller’s purpose of fear can motivate people is also demonstrated by the characterRead MoreThe Themes Of Mccarthyism In The Crucible By Arthur Miller1685 Words   |  7 Pagesthe truth which would ruin their lives or lie and accuse others to save oneself. In The Crucible, Arthur Miller emphasizes mass hysteria caused by people accusing innocent people to save oneself from death. Even though the Salem witch trials and the McCarthyism era took place in different time periods, they both show the reoccurring theme of chaos caused by lying and accusing others to save oneself. The Crucible, which illustrates the time during the Salem witch trials parallels McCarthyism becauseRead MoreArthur Millers Good Night, And Good Luck1855 Words   |  8 PagesA term coined in the 1950s, McCarthyism is the general act of making accusations of treason or subversion without proper regard for evidence. Both Arthur Miller’s The Crucible and George Clooney’s Good Night, and Good Luck explore the theme of McCarthyism through numerous ways using conventions of their text types: respectively a play and a film. Each through characterisation and symbolism, as well as individually through the plays title and narrative style, and the films editing, camera techniquesRead MoreArthur Millers The Crucible In connection to McCarthyism1620 Words   |  7 Pagesof this. The accusations of communism led to a nation-wide hysteria and fear of who was going to be named next. When this was over, the hope would be that nothing like it would ever happen again and nothing like it had ever happened before. However, we have not only repeated it on various occasions, but through Arthur Millers The Crucible, we also see the parallel of the event with the Salem Witch hunts that took place years before the hearings. The connection between The Crucible and the McCarthyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Crucible And A Scene by Arthur Miller Essay1254 Words   |  6 PagesAn alysis Of The Crucible And A Scene by Arthur Miller The Crucible was first produced in 1953 during the McCarthy political witch-hunt. The Crucible is governed around, the corrupted degeneration of society during this sombre period. Arthur Miller saw many parallels in this period with the witch hunt in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. Most significantly the naà ¯ve yet extremely unjust accusations, the forced confessions and ultimately the growth of such a diminutiveRead MoreMass Hysteria And The Boston Marathon Bombing1380 Words   |  6 Pagesthe most. According to Abraham Lincoln, the United States will not fall from without, but from within. Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible in 1963. Miller illustrates mass hysteria by using the actions of Abigail, Tituba, and Marry Warren in order to show how their actions compromised justice in Salem. The response of the Boston Marathon Bombing is an example of mass hysteria like in The Crucible. In this essay, I will argue that those who act to preserve power use fear and uncertainty, irrationalRead MoreAbigail Williams1805 Words   |  8 PagesBeautiful Mind where John Nash was having false imaginations of things including agents trying to kill this other person and amongst many other things. But none of those imaginations were true, he was just imagining them. Later it is revealed that Nash suffers from Schizophrenia. â€Å"Schizophrenia is a collection of related psychiatric d isorders of unknown etiology that follow a specific pattern of behavior† (Basile 747). This was also seen in the play The Crucible. In this specific play Abigail Williams

Lies Youve Been Told About Debate Topics Probably on the Act Essay

Lies You've Been Told About Debate Topics Probably on the Act Essay Facts, Fiction and Debate Topics Probably on the Act Essay Each time you listen to someone's opinion and rate it, each time you respond to your own opinion, you're employing the precise important reasoning skills that the ACT Writing section tests. Taking the practice ACT writing test will offer you a feeling of how much additional practice you might require. There are lots of ways to get ready for the ACT writing test that don't even include writing in any way. There are they. It's safe to suppose that this is going to be the very same in every subsequent ACT Writing test. Still, you'll have to choose whether to select the ACT with Writing. The ACT is a completely different story. The redesigned ACT Writing prompts are a great deal more complex. Social networking comments should be safeguarded by free speech. You are not solely describing something, you're analyzing and even dissecting it. It's necessary they provide some vivid real-life examples should they want to convince their audience of their perspective. If you would like your presentation to be the best it can be, it is crucial to pick the most suitable topic. The Principles of Debate Topics Probably on the Act Essay That You Will be Able to Benefit From Starting Today Instead of take care of medicine and nursing, the government's principal goal ought to be to monitor and manage the political and financial situation in the nation. Some individuals live their lives depending on their relig ion even though others don't think you should factor that into decision making in regards to determining rules for everybody. Fantastic topics of interest will appear into reasons on the other side of the controversy and give potential solutions to help others understand people's position on the issue. Several aspects, the salary being probably the most essential one, motivate plenty of young individuals to pick a career in healthcare. Facts, in the long run, will always win out against how folks are feeling at a specific moment. The death penalty needs to be abolished. When an artist can't receive any money, the reason is simpleher work is not really excellent! The issue, nevertheless, is that often terminally ill folks aren't capable of ending their life in a painless, dignified fashion, and for that reason require the aid of a relative of close friend. In regard to examples, thinking beyond the box is always better. Animal testing ought to be banned. The last answer is, you should probably spend the test. When there are lots of aspects to take into account when making this decision, knowing the differences in the essays might just end up being the tipping factor that assists you to decide in favor of a single test. These guidelines will help you in preparation of a high superior assignment on ability studies topics. Okay, and that means you've broken down all of the info. It is going to also be interesting to understand how the testing agencies respond. The list incorporates anti-discriminatory practices, ethical framework of the problem, physical disability, different facets of an issue, caring systems. Each suggests a specific method of thinking about the function of athletics at colleges. By way of example, in college, you might be requested to compose a paper from the opposing viewpoint. Reading Shakespeare and studying pure mathematics aren't going to help anyone be prosperous in any type of business. The liberal arts are indispensabl e to a high quality education only because they teach students how to think critically about a wide array of topics, thus preparing them to tackle any issue which may arise at work. Each young professional is provided with lots of of chances for professional development and further career development. The voting age ought to be lowered. You also receive a great opportunity to dig more into research! There's also a possibility that the new scoring session could find the exact same result a second moment. In order to discover an impressive argumentative essay topic you should receive familiarized with elements of the subject issue. The very first and among the most important step to begin your essay is to pick a topic. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's vital to at all times be critically considering the world around us. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points you could counter to your own points. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but don't forget to do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. Due to this, many disagree on the way the laws should change (if they ought to change at all) and there are several topics to select from. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. Controversial topics work nicely for speeches and essays, since they typically evoke strong opinions on either side.

Mass Media and Development free essay sample

UNIT 2 DEVELOPMENT. COMMUNICATION Structure 2. 0 Objectives Introduction Concept and Definitions Philosophy of Development Communication Role of the Media in Development Communication Communication Needs and Resources Strategies in Development Communication Case Studies and Experience 2. 7. 1 Scavenger Development Programme of Indonesia: Case Study-I 2. 7. 2 Site Project: Case Study-II 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 Let Us Sum Up Further Reading 2. 10 Check Your Progress: Modei Answers After going through this unit, you should be able to: tate what the Development Communication is; explain the meaning, concept, elements and pt. ilosophy of ~ e v e l o ~ m e n t i~ommunication; state the role of the Media in Development; describe the important approaches to the Development Communication; m explain the importance of identifying cornrnunicr ionneeds and resource, and explain how communication strategies are formulated for devdopment. In unit-1 of this block, we described to you the various concepts of development, and distinguished the alternative approaches to the process of development. We also appraised you about the development experience of the Third World Countries, including India. In this unit, we shall relate these concepts of development to the process of communication. In the present unit, we shall discuss the qualities of development communication. We shall also see how these qualities are being applied in various developmental projects. We shall evaluate the results and identify the weaknesses of development projects. And hopefully, once you are well acquainted with the working of communication in the area of development, you yourself will be able to implement some of the positive aspects of development communication in your projects, work, etc. I 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Communication is an important input in developmdt. Communication experts, sociologists, psychologists and economists agree that the proper use of communication can foster the pace and process of d e v e l o p m . In general terms, communication means interaction between two individuals or within a group or a community or a nation. In this type of communication, the four principle elements are a communication source, a message, a channel or medium and a receiver or audience. We have discussed these elements in detail in the first block of Course-I: Introduction to Journalism and Mass Medla and Development Mass Communication. We described the flow of communication in these units. But in development communication it becomes the process of affecting or influencing behaviour of individuals or groups towards certain desired goals and objectives, necessarily for the benefit of the entire society. Thus, the receiver is expected to show the behaviour desired by the source of communication. Development communication is a relatively younger field of study within the discipline of communication. Like the science of communication,development communication has come to stay. However, we should always remember that development communication is only one of the elements or inputs for speedy progress and development. Development communication is mainly concerned with the role of information and communication in social and economic development of an individual, society and nation. It identifies what mass media can do directly ot indirectly to improve the quality of life to both urban and m 1 masses. a Activity 1 You must be aware of vatjods yivertisements broadcast through the All,In,dia Radio (AIR) telecast by the Doordarshao. In your left hand side column, list all ten and advertisements. In the second column, wtite in short phrases the message of each of them, in the third column identify the target audienceJgroupfor each advertisement, and in the fourth column give your opinion as to whether or not they would bring any. development, if practicod/utilised/adopted. For example: Rin soap (1) Cleans clothes better (2) Housewives Yes will help people to be clean (4) I (3) i .. / .. .. . . L 2. 2 CONCEPT AND DEFINITIONS Let us begin with the definitions and concepts of development communication. We should not discuss the development, because various facets of development have already been discussed in Unit 1 of this block. We can only add here that development has moved from Ecoaomk Approaches to Sociological Approaches, where all round improvement of human beings is emphasized. What do we understand by the term development communication? According to Nora Quebral(1975), development communication is the art and science of human communication applied to the speedy transformation of a country and the mass of its people from poverty to a dynamic state of economic growth that makes possible greater social equality and the larger fulfillment of the human potential. Let us discuss the various concepts which Nora Quebral has used in this famous definition of hers. She said that development communication was the art and science. Generally, we at presume that r and science do not go together. But, as far as this definition is concerned, they can be together. Development communication is art, btcause one has to create his strategy, and programme to communicate to his target audience. To communicate his message he will create probab1y. a song, a drama, a talk, a poster, a fl or a skit. Nora calls im development communication a science, because it follows a process, a system. If one gives X inputs, Y will be the output. In some cases, one may predict the output with a given input with other conditions remaining the same. Therefore, when she says that it is the art and science of human communication, we have to comprehend it from these perspectives. Development communication is an art and at the same time a science. It works with the human hearts (because it is an art) and brain (becp:e 3 :s a science) to yield a result which can be measured in tenns of economical growth. For e x w e , advantages of adopting a high yielding variety of seed may be propogated through a radio skit. This skit, when understood by the farmers, motivates them to use the seeds for their own fields. And they may have increased harvests which will definitely provide them with a higher income. Rogers (1983) says, development communication refers to the uses to which communication is put in order to further development. Such applications are intended to either further development in a general way, such as by increasing the level of the mass media exposure among a nations citizens, in order to create a favourable climate for development, or to support a specific development programme or project (this type of development communication is often termed as developmeht-support communication DSC. Development Communication Mass Media and ~ e v e ~ i ~ t n e n t Everett M. Rogers, a famous communication scholar, in the above mentioned definitian says the application of communication for the development will creak an environment or climate. This climate or environment may be of two types: (a) physical climate and (b) psychological climate. When knowledge about something is propagated or disseminated among a large number of people, the users find many relevant things around them, say a special kind of fertilizer. The radio prograqxiics could be heard, the TV programmes could be seen or posters could be s e m on the vaFi on that particular fertilizer. This may be cgled physical climate. Now, the dissemessage about the feklizcr works on the psyche of the people. The qM information t p through the various communication media create a favourable attitude towards the new fertilizer. In the long run, they might use or adopt it, if possible. But, definitely, resistance from the people in general will be the minimum. Thus, with these two types of climates, the use of the new fertilizer might be multiplied at a fast pacespeed. Thus, economic development, as far as earning from of the agricultural products is concerned, could be quite encouraging. F. Rosario Braid is of the opinion that development communication is an element of the management process in the overall planning and implementation of development programs. Development communication is, in a broad sense, the identification and utilization of appropriate expertise in the developmentprocess that will assist in increasing participating of intended beneficiaries at the grassroots le vel. Thus, hvelopment communication is communication wit. a social conscience. Rosario Braid emphasizes that development communication is nothing but an element in the process of a project. Generally, it is the decision of the management to utilise communication to disseminate information about their project, if and when tiiey feel it appropriate. Suppose a contraoeptive company would like to market a new contraceptive for the males. The management might like to usc the radio spots, television spots, hoardings, posters, etc. to inform the target audience about the usefulness and availability of the new contraceptive. It is really an important segment in the whole scheme of management at the present time. A good and. useful management strategy would always identify the important elements and ake the users conscious about them. Development communication has two primary roles: a) A tradorming role, as it seeks social change in the direction of the higher quality of IUe. The higher quality of life can be achieved in various ways. Might be by adopting all the required vaccines for the infants of each family of the society, Some countries might adopt techniques of producing enough food for the citizen. Some countries might systematically and scientifically break all the myths surrounding various religious and social customs. And communication could be a marvelous instrument to achieve these objectives. ) A socializing role, by seeking to maintain some of the established values of the society. In playing these roles, development communication seeks to create an atmosphere for change as well as providing innovation through which society may change. Each and every society has some traditional values. These values give the people of each society an identity and a sense of belonging. The aspiratiofis of a society sometimes are embeded in these values. Now, the values, customs and beliefs of other societies might make inroads into other societies. If, the people are n6t careful, they might be taken off their ground by the new incoming sets of values. communication can play a very vital role by making the people aware about this pitfall. It can also help immensely by drawing the attention of the members of a society to the richness of their own valued, customs, beliefs and, above all, aspirations. , ( b ( I Check Your Progre88 1 Note: i) U e the space below f ~your answers. s r ii) Cornp your answers with those given at the end of this unit. II . . I I 1) What do you mean by development communication? Answer in thiee sentences. .. $ DevelopmentCommenlcation 7 2) You have came across three definitions of development cominunication given by three eminent scholars. Please write down the concepts used in their definitions in the right-hand colutnn. The. corresponding names ,of the authors are given on the left hand column. A. Nora C. Quebral Concepts of [emailprotected] coqmunication B. Everett M. Rogers . .:.. r. . .. .. , . I 23 PHILOSOPHY OF DEVELOPMENT . COMMUNICATION In many ways the philosophy of development communication is different from what we normally understand by communication. Development communication is: . purposive positive pragmatic Let US elaborate each of the aspects of development communication: . Development Communicationis Purposive:You should note here that other communication scholars hold that communication is and should be ethically non-purposive. A non-purposive message is one, which is transmitted to a receiver directly or by means of a channel (e. . , mass media) without any intention to influence the receiver. But, in development communication, one looks for specific behavioral objectives, such as getting farmers to go in for a specific variety of seed, pesticide, etc. Development Communication is Positive:In development communication,positive value is attached to what one communicateH about. Take the example of the high yielding variety of seed. Once adopted, the farmers can in crease their harvest manifold. T i means more income hs wGch can be utilised to buy land, cattle or equipments. This is what we mean by positive value attached to development communication. Development Communication b Pragmatic: In this context, we might define pragmatic as practical and purposeful. In development commudcation, the purpose of communication is important. Let . us assume that we want the farmers to plant a particular rice variety or the so-called miracle rice. The judgement or evaluation of communication does not rest on the mere invention of communication activities performed, such as the number . of the press releases issued or the number of farm visits made. Findings have showed that mere increase in thc. low of information does not necessarily result in those behavioral changes, which are desired to be achieved. So, the development communicator is more concernedkith What do I want to communicate? With what objectives? , and Did I get the intended results? If so, how well did I communjcate? Language, treatment style, and grammar take the back Fat to clarify the message and its effectiveness in producing the desired outcome. . Mass Media and Development Activity 2 Take todays newspaper that you subscribe to or take any newspaper that you can lay your hands on. List all the advertisements, and find out whether they are positive or not. Advertisement Message [ Positive .. I Yes 1 Yes I Yes [ [ [ I No I No I No .. .. [ I Yes [ I No .. ] Y e s [ I N 0 [ I Yes [ I No .. [ I Yes [ 1 No .. .. [ [ [ ] Y e s [ ] N o I Yes [ I No I .. Check Your Progress 2 Nde: i) Use the space below for your answer. ] Y e s [ ] N o ! i) Compare your answer with the one given at the end of this unit 1) You have just read that development communication is purposive, positive and pragmatic. Using the space,given below, please explain in your own words what do you mean ,by each of them? Purposive . .: i Positive .. Pragmatic .. iii) iv) Teach those ideas, skills and atfitudes that people need to achieve for a better life. Create and maintain a base of consensus that is needed for the stability of the state. You must be knowing the meaning of empathy. Daniel Lerner used this term with a particular emphasis on the aspirations for a new identity. Suppose, you have a goal of building a decent house so that you can live with the minimum hassels. You dream about it, you aspire for it. We can say that you empathize with it. Here, Lerner said that people of any given society must think and aspire for a better life. If they do so, then they are emphathetic about a better life. To perform these roles, the media keeps the development orientation in its perspective. Three approaches have been identified in relating communication to development. These are empathy, diffusion, and multiplying of information. We shall discuss each separately, individually. 1 ) Empathy: Daniel Lerner (1958) in his book, Passing d Traditional Society, saw the problem of modernizing traditional societies. He saw the spread of literacy resulting from urbanization as a necessary precondition to more complete modernization that would include participatory political institutions. Development was largely a matter of increasing productivity. And to increase this productivity one must aspire, and it must begin in thepsyche of the people. Hence, it is basically psychological. Urbanization literacy the mass media exposure + economic and political participation 4 According to D. Lerner, development failed to because peasants were unable to empathise or imaginatively identify with the new role, and a changed and better way of life and so remained fatalistic unambitious and resistant to change. Every change in society must originate and begin in the hearts of the pkople. If the people would like to change, only then the development would begin. What is required is that some means of providing such people with clues as to what better things in life might be. Lerner saw the media as filling this need of prqmoting interest among the people for a better life. Not only that, he saw the media as machines, inspiring people for better thingsin life. He said empathy endows a person with the capacity to imagine himself as proprietor of a big grockry store in a city, to wear nice cloths and live in a nice house, to be interested in what is going on in the world and to get out of his hole. He pointed out to the correlation between economic productivity and the media provisions in different countries in support of his theory. The richest country had the most newspapers, the radios and so on, and the poorest, the least. 2) Diffusion: Everett M. Rogers (1983) approached this with a perspective that had much in common with Lerner, but differed with him somewhat in emphasis. He saw the diffusion of the new ideas and their practice as a crucial component of the modernization process. According to him, the mass communication influence appears to operate by a two step flow process through awareness of the mass media, development of favourable attitudes and adaptation by inter-personal channels, particularly, opinion leaders. We shall discuss this a little more. It has been found that when a message is propagated, a segment of the population adopts it, and develops a positive attitude towards it. This can happen in the case of a product, fertilizer, seeds, ideas, journals, etc. Then, the people who adopt first, directly or indirectly shape the positive attitude of others who remain indifferent to the message. This is true in places where information and literacy levels are low. Simple people would like to get confirmation from the people living in their proximity. You can think about this process in your daily, life. How many times you need information about a product, a book, or about an incident from your friends, classmates, office-mates, neighbours and others. Women, especially, need a lot of confirmation from others before they adopt something. We can go on citing examples. 3) Magic Multiplier: Wilbur Schramms (1964) Mass Media and National Development, which was produced for the UNESCO, became almost a blueprint for development communication. While Lerner and others saw all of the media cutput as having potentially Mnrur Medh end Development odernizing effects, for Schrarnm it was their content that was the key to their use in development. Social change of great magnitude is required. To achieve it, people must be informed, persuaded, educated. Information must flow, eot only to them but also from them, so that their needs can be known, and they might participate in the acts and decisions of the nation-building; and infc :llationmust also flow vertically so that decisions may be made. Works should be organized, and skills should be learned at all levels of society for better utilization of the resources of society. Here is where the mass communication enters the calculus the required amount of information and learning is so vast that only by making effectiveuse of the great information multipliers, the mass media, can the developing countries hope to provide information at the rates their time tables for development demand. Let us elaboratea little. Schramm has very clearly mentioned that a lot of feedback is required when one uses communication for development. It should never be one-way traffic. The users should be able to give feedback to the implementors. This would help the implementors to find out whether or not the communication is meeting their purpose or aim. Schramm has also said that each person could have information required by the work that he would undertake. And there might be thousands and lacs of workers requiring various information. The conventional channels of communication would never be able to meet this demand. Therefore, modem comnpnication technologies would be of great use to meet this demand by multiplying the messages and reaching each and every worker. , . Check Your Progress 3 Note: i) Use the space below for your answers. ii) Compare your answers with those given at the end of this unit. In the previous section you have learnt how Daniel Lemer, Everett Rogers and Wilbur Schramm saw the role of the media in development activities. Please mention the major ideas thab have been expounded by these great authors. Authors 1) Daniel h e r 3 Ideas on the role bf the media in communication . . 2) Everett M. , Rogers 3) Wilbur Schramm . .. . . . . / ( 2. 5 COMMUNICATION NEEDS AND RESOURCES So far, we have discussed the positive role of communication, and have seen how the 1. But how does communication inputs work to make a developmental programme sc-c one go about formulating the communication strategy or the inputs reqcu,. :or a programme? 1 In planning communication strategy for development, the most important element is identification of communication needs and resources. Unless one is careful about this, or if one overlooks this elements, communication strategy and plan will not be effective, and all efforts will go in- vain. It is necessary to assess carefully the communication needs of the community and the counuy. To identify communication needs and resources of a country, the following process has been suggested by the UNESCO (United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultur;? Organisation): UNESCO Guidelines The collection of basic data and systematic ahalysis of the country upon such bases as population densities, geographic limitations to communication, variety of social structures, ecology and agriculture transportation, physical communication, mobility of population, electrification, industrial capacity, manpower capacity, etc. The production of an inventory of the present communication resources, including the modem and traditional media, and analysis of the variety of present communication structures. Such an inventory should also include the study of the audience, its communication consumption patterns, etc. Critical analysis of the present communication politics (or lack of the same), including such considerations as ownership, structures,decision-making, etc. Critical analysis of the communication needs of each soCiety, especially, inrelation to the existing social and communication structures, and the uses to which communication is put. Analysis of the communication components in all aspects of the national development plans and programs in order to ascertain the communication requirements of the programs, and the . communicationcapacity which is essential to the execution of the plan. These needs must then be reconciled with the means and capacities that are available. A similar process may be followed to identify the communication needs and resources at the institutional or project level or whereverdevelopment activities are in progress. Development Communication Check Your Progress 4 Note: i) Use the space below for your answers. ,A) ii) Compare your answers with those given at the end of this unit. Suppose the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is very concerned about the problem of safe drinking water in the district of Kamrup in Assam. Wateris available, but it is not safe. People in the district are suffering from various water borne diseases. You have been asked to assess (a) the communication needs and (b) communication resources of the district. Taking the UNESCO guidelines into consideration, please mention the steps you would undqiake to complete your assignment. . . . . .. B) Please make a flow-chart of the logical steps, which you have mentioned in A. , . . . . . Mass Media and Develcpmer: 2. 6 STRATEGIES IN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATI ON A strategy is the cmful formulation of plans towards aclie$ng a goal. Since development communication is goal oriented, one has to be careful in planning communication strategies. There may be a number of communication strategies for the achievement of a particular communication goal. There is a need to analyse these very carefully. Since these strategies are formulated in the context of the developing countries, one should give keen consideration to cost-benefit factors before selecting the right strategy. In the modern world, there are number of new technologies, media and techniques, which are available to a communication strategy planner. One has to evaluate these alternativesavailabk to him, using cost-benefit analysis and administrative feasibility. Always, one has to keep in mind the target audience. One should be fully satisfied in answering these questions: Who are the target audiences? What channels are the audiences familiar with? a What should be the language and content of the message? What are the barriers to the free flow of communication? Check Your Progress 5 Note: i) Use the space below for your answer. ii) Compare your answer with those given at the end of this unit. Write below the ten most important points, which are. crucial in preparing a communication strategy for development. 1) ) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) . . . .:.. .. .. .. . : . . i.. .. . . 9) :.. 10) .. 2. 7 CASE STUDIES AND EXPERIENCE So far, we have discussed various aspects of development communication. We have read the definitions of development communication by various authors. We have studied the philosophy of development communication. It is purposive, positive and pragmatic. Then we discussed the emphasis on development communication given by Daniel Lerner, Everett Rogers and Wilbur Schramm. Communication is a vital element in the whole strategy of development in the Third World countries. The UNESCO has already spelt out the various steps one must take while planning communication strategies for development projects. So f a so good. Now, we shall discuss some case studies, which will give you the experience of implementing development communication. So, experience the reality. Development Conyuniestion 2. 7. Scavenger Development Programme of Iadonesia: Case Study-I Scavenger Development Programme of Indonesia maRes a good case study to illustrate the point that carefully-planned communication strategy can contribute to the development of man and society. This case study is of high relevance under Indian conditions, given the crucial role played by social and economic status factors impinging on the development process. Rivers and canals clogged by plas tic bags, smouldering piles of garbage on the streets and unofficial dump sites in vacant compounds are a common sight in many developing countries. In Indonesia, major cities suffer from water and air pollution caused by wild dumping and burning of waste. There is a group of people counteracting this disaster,, drive not by ecological consciousness but by dire straits-scavengers. The position of these rural migrants in the informal urban sector is controversial as they are regarded as criminals, tramps, or even untouchables by officials and the public. However, the scavengers serve important functions. Environmentally, they shoulder part of the ecological costs of development through recycling waste. As they are selfemployed, the state saves the economic costs of social security payments. And the raw material from recycled waste turns to gold for the formal economy as it has a yearly value of US $50 million in Jakarta alone. The scavengers problems lie in their insecure legal and social status. Together with a lack of overt productivity and economic dependency, they are easy targets for harassment, eviction, corruption and exploitation from middlemen, the private sector and local authorities. And the scavengers have, traditionally, been denied access to local decision-making,loans, education, public services and the media -their contributions left unrecognized. But then, their plight is to be communicated to the other groups of society. They are there in the streets of DJakarta, Bandung, Surabaya, etc. And it is communication, which is bringing a change in their lives and an awareness about their existence in society. We shall discuss it An Integrated Media Approach Some people did recognize the needs and contributions of the scavengers. However, the Scavenger Development Program, financed by Deutsche Gesellschaft fur technichi Zusamrnenarbiet (GTZ) and supported by the Indonesian Home Affairs Department, has been in operation since mid-1991. Implemented by the NGOs in three major cities, Jakarta, Bandung, and Surabaya, the programme uses an integrated media approach to promote the welfare of the scavengers, foster their sial and communication competence, and highten awareness about the waste management, recycling and the plight of the scavenger. The integrated media approach plans to affect change at various political, economic and social lobbying for policy changes to improve their legal status; improving their public image and social status; increasing their productivity and the value increasing bargaining power; added of recycled products through Mass Media and Development enhancing their participation in local decision-making; developing appropriate technology within the context of an Urban Integrated Resource Recovery System; and educating the public about the. environment. The strategy chosen aims to be not about or for the scavengers, but with and by them. The process of change is designed to occur, internally, within the scavenger population by increasing their self-confidence and ability to command respect and resources, and externally within the broader urban population by communicating with people about the lives, hardships and contribution of this scavenger community. Street Theatre of the Scavenger: Theatre can, at any time, at any place, and almost at any cost, be staged once the principal technique and concepts have been acquired. When linked to the development activity at the local level, the power of the performance increases dramatically. Looking closely at this example, the scavengers structural poverty was connected to a lack of bargaining power, that is, a lack of the abilityto articulate the key factors of the daily life needed for active participation in the social, political and economic sphere. The scavengers live in a culture of silence they have learned from experience that it is safer to keep ones mouth shut as long as housewives,policemen, shop owners or city officials are powerful, and regard them as outlaws. However, when their own views are translated into a medium, like the theatre, that is informative and entertaining to the public at the same time, communication works. Given this chance, the scavengers are able to communicate with people who otherwise would not even take notice of them. The training necessary to achieve this communicative competence is organized by the community media activities from a local NGO. The storyline not only concentrates on problems, but also on solutions suggested and assistance needed by the scavenger groups. The scavengers do the research for the scripts on their own. Their own life stories, humor and word games, local idioms and other forms of interaction become outlets for criticism and eye-opening insights in a form socially acceptable to an audienceof the neighbours and local officials from the communities where the scavengers live and work. Often, theatre performances become a starter for a more continuous dialogue. Always, the performance increases awareness. Exposure Programmes for Journalists:The radio and press journalists from major regions are then invited for oneday workshops, where hard facts on thC scavengers are covered. Afterwards, the journalists are exposed to the real life and the dump shacks, waste processing workshops, and self-initiated scavenger cooperatives and schools. Very often, first-hand experience and discussions with scavengers result in more positive articles and features about their role in society and their environmental contribution. Political Diiogue: Also on the regional level, exposure programmes, seminars and political dialogue are held with officials, private businesses, and donors partially using the media produced in cooperation with them -so the scavengers can lobby for a better legal, economic, and social status. National TV Series: On the national level, a series of 13 episodes on the scavengers living conditions and their ecological and economic contribution to society will be broadcast on the New Educational Channel (IF! ). The programmes are produced by the same NGO that does the theatre training. The scavengers participate in script writing, directing and acting which results in an unusually authentic series. The partly documentary, partly dramatized episodes also show the considerable gains by the scavengers in their newly established competency and cross cultural communication skills. At the same time, the commentatorsin the series suggest ways to help the scavengers recycle waste for ecological and economic reasons. media project, the scavengers have gained bargaining power in their Through the ~ntegrated living situations and at their jobs. The communication process, the mediating NGOs support provides this non-privileged group with access to small and large media and to decision making institutions in the political and economic sphere. Evident through increased recognition outside their own communities, the scavengers have gained self-esteem and confidence in themselves, competence in formulating their problems and needs, and ultimately, respect and rights f o other groups of society. The public is also benefiting from rm the project. Whereas the public had perceived the scavengess to be intellectually crippled. now, two daily newspapers in Surabaya and Jakarta and a radio station in Bandung have begun regular columns or programmes to recognize the complexity of the informal sector. The success belongs to the use of the media delivery system. Not used as an exercise of power and persuasion with the scavengers as passive targets, the informative, educative and entertaining capacity of the media could not just give people a voice, but work for everyone to make it heard and understood. (Development Communication Report, No. 76,199U1) Activity 3 Development Communldon This Indonesian project is very interesting. In India too, we have a large number of rag-pickers. Suppose, the United Nations approaches you and asks you to plan a communication strategy for the rag-pickers of the city of Bombay. How will you plan? What steps will you take to complete your assignment? 2. 7. 2 Site Project: Case Study-I1 Indias biggest experience in using t$e mass media for the purpose of development was the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) of 1975-76. This one year project was primarily undertaken to telecast special developmental programmes through the satellite communication tosix rural clusters, which included a total of 2330 villages, scattered in 20 districts, spread over six states Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat. Its objectives were to: improve the rural primary school educ. ation, . provide training to the teachers, improve agriculture, health and hygine, and nutritional practice, and contribute to family planning a d national integration After the completion of the project evaluation studies, the results showed that exposure-to developmental messages through the television had contributed for the widening of horizons of the villagers. SITE is one of the biggest and technologically most advanced social experiments in the direct broadcasting for education and evelopment. It is also one of the largest Indo-US experiments in communication conducted so far. In this project, the experimenters main objective,was to provide instantaneous information for national development to those who otherwise would have been deprived of such info~mationfor many years to come due to technological constraints. 28 LET US SUM UP . In this unit, we have discussed various definition of development communication. We h ave differentiated between c o ~ u n i c a t i o nand development communication. Nora Quebral says that development communication is the art andscience of human communication, Rogers is of the opinion that it creates a favourable climate for a developmental pro~ect, Rosario and Braid says that it is an element in the management strategy of a development project. Then we have discussed the philosophy of development communication. And we came across with three major aspects of the philosophy. Development communication is purposive, positive and pragmatic. A natural flow from the philosophy of development communica~ofi ~ C Ithe role of the media is in it. Daniel Lemer is of the opinion that the media would create an empathy among the audience, which would definitely help the projects to achieve the set goals. Rogers says that. the media helps in speeding the information among the masses. But this is done id steps. He says that the diffusion of innovative messages requires opinion leaders who, in turn, influence the users and communicatethe positive points of the said materials. Wilbur Schramm sees-the role of the media in development communication as a magic multiplier. Mass Media and The UNESCO has set some guidelines for using communication in development projects. We have discussed these guidelines. We have learnt to use various strategies of communication after assessing the media habits of the audiences. Towards the ends, we have seen how development communication was applied in projects like that of Indonesia and India The scavengers of Indonesia made their presence felt in Indonesia. They communicated their messages through theatre and forced some newspapers and radio stations to start a new column on them. The beauty of the communication strategy was that it was fully done by the scavengers themselves. 2. 9 FURTHER READING 1 1 Singhal, h i n d and Rogers, Everett M. 1989: Indias Information Revolution sage, New Delhi. Rogers, Everett M. 1983: Diffusion of Innovations The Free Press, New York. Melkote, Srinivas R. 1991: Communication for Development in the Third World; Theory and Practice, Sage, New Delhi. 1 2. 10 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: MODEL ANSWERS Check Your Progress 1) Development communication is a segment of the discipline of communication. It is applied in developmental projects to help the users attain the desired result. The development communication is purposeful and uses all the skills available in the audio visual and print media. It is an art and a science. It is applied for economic growth with a view to bring social equality and help persons develop their f d potential. It creates a favourable climate for the developmental projects, and it provides support to a specific programme in a specific way. It is an element in the management process of a project. It desires to provide benefit at the grassroots level. i f 2) A) B)

Youth Culture Essay Prompt and Discussion

Youth Culture Essay Prompt and Discussion Thats always better to learn by practice! Read the essay analysis below to clarify your understanding of good essay writing. Essay Example Culture is defined as a way of living that has been adopted by people depending on certain factors such as races and beliefs. Age is also a factor that determines the culture that has been adopted by the people in a certain age bracket. It has been noted that different age groups adopt different cultures which satisfy their lives and make them enjoy it to their fullest. When we focus on the youths, they are seen to have a different culture than all the other people (Steinberg, Parmar Richard, 2006). The reason for this is because they are still young and are trying to explore all the different aspects of life. Most of them do not really care about what is good or what is bad as long as it makes them happy. The youth’s culture differs from one city to another and the urban youth culture is different from the rural youth culture. France has its economy flailing and its politics are in the correct line. It has also been noted that the youth culture is catching up with that of the world so that the sleepy arrondissements that once existed in the north-eastern part of Paris, have been transformed by both social and economic forces making it more vibrant and with many activities going on. Other businesses such as clubs have also been established in this place and this has opened up room for the social activities by the youths. This has been an improvement from their previous way of doing things and the drastic change has been noted by many people (In Gullotta In Plant In Evans, 2014). The museum that exists in the middle of the town has also seen rapid changes as many activities have been invented and especially by the multinational corporations since some Parisians do not want to be associated with some places. A globalized youth culture exists in all towns including in Paris. The youths want to have some connection with those of their neighboring cities and also adopt some practices that are present in their cultures. The adopted practices are then incorporated in their daily activities adding up to their culture. The reason why they do this is in the efforts to create their own identity and become different from others in different cities. Essay Analysis Argument breakdown The argument of this essay appears to be â€Å"Different age groups adopt different cultures which satisfy their lives and make them enjoy it to their fullest.† In other words, happiness is achieved in different ways by age groups. The essay follows with two supporting paragraphs. The first paragraph opens with the topic sentence, â€Å"When we focus on the youths, they are seen to have a different culture than all the other people.† The topic sentence of the second paragraph looks to be â€Å"youth culture is catching up with that of the world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The essay concludes with the idea youths adopt cultural traits from other cities to add to their own cultures. This helps them to form personal identities. Argument analysis The argument should focus on youth culture in Paris. Unfortunately, there is no clear thesis statement. The introduction indicates the essay will discuss how age affects the cultural habits a person adopts. However, it seems the essay actually discusses the concept that young adopt whatever cultural activities make them happy. In this case, the writer would need to support the essay with key ideas such as: The cultural traits young people are inclined to adopt Why youths, in particular, may choose those cultural traits to be happy The essay writer should also make the connection between race, gender, and existing beliefs of the youth in Paris since it is such a multicultural city. Since the main argument is not expressed clearly in the form of a thesis statement in the introduction, the essay lacks focus. Body paragraph 1 Argument The only idea in the paragraph is youth culture differs from other age groups in various locations. As this is simply a repetition of the idea of the introduction, it is a weak paragraph. There is no new information, and the writer does not offer support in the form of details, examples, facts, or statistics. Reasoning There is no clear reasoning in this paragraph because the writer has no clear topic to support the argument. Body paragraph 2 Argument The paragraph opens with the statement â€Å"France has its economy flailing and its politics are in the correct line.† The relevance of this information to the essay’s argument is not connected well the statement should take the form of supporting information later in the paragraph. The main idea of the paragraph is cultural traits in the city, in the form of social activities, have changed drastically. This is a valid idea to explore. Culture changes with time, and modern youth have individual tastes. However, religious, ethnic, and financial factors affect cultural norms as well. The writer should discuss the merger of existing cultural beliefs and new cultural trends, and how this contributes to their happiness. Reasoning The writer appears to have a relevant idea in mind but fails to use it to support the main argument of the essay. Ideas seem disjointed, and there is little cohesion in the paragraph. Analysis summary The essay suffers from a lack of clarity. There is no clear argument is the argument age affects cultural adoption? Or is it youths follow whatever culture makes them happy? We can edit essay by improving a  following standard academic essay structure

buy custom China’s Education System essay

buy custom China’s Education System essay The US stands as the statement of productivity efficiency in a capitalistic market. It has the most successful form of government in the world, given that the US Gross National Product is over 10 times higher than of any other nation in the world, and twice that of the top-five nations behind it. This makes the US the single greatest nation ever crafted in the history of the world. That level of success is largely owed to an innovative workforce, skilled and perfected in driving the most complicated business ventures known to man. Yet in recent times, China has arisen as a worthwhile competitor. This is reflected much more in education than in the economy. China has a greater population and thus more people to absorb into its market and it is also more capitalistic akin to the US. That means if they gain on the innovation edge in education, it will take only a few years to surpass the greatness of the United States. Today, a Chinese classrooms has more students that that of US, more students per teacher and poorer education facilities. Yet, Chinese students are highly disciplined, respectful and productive in learning than those in the United States. The culture and social dynamics of the Chinese schools make learning very conducive than in the US. In comparison, discipline in the US public schools is at its worst ever, leading to critics calling the public schools some modern babysitting facilities. In comparing the education systems in the US and in China, the most important thing is the quality of the products that run through the systems (Teaching Tips). The United States leads the world mainly because their graduates reign in the scientific innovation and discovery arenas. However, China is picking up as America looses out on this important pedigree. When it comes to instilling innovation in students, the Chinese are doing it on an overdrive, mainly by incorporating numerous projects in the curriculum involving electronics Information Technology and similar disciplines. This is the very genius (innovation) that made America a global giant with hosts of inventors, creative filmmakers, superstar rock 'n' roll artists, Nobel laureates and personalities who stand as business icons perse. China's education is phrased on a top-down system where supreme emphasis is placed on tightly structured units, centrally managed by the government and engrained with disciplined learning. The education structure in China is largely socially engineered such that the system is dependent on government control (Mathur, 2009). The US on the other hand, has a highly decentralized system (state based) whose emphasis is critical thinking of every student, the so-called student-centered learning. This single difference yields a lot of significance since while it is easy for the Chinese government to direct and guide the national education system via thee Ministry of Education, The US government has little to do to influence the curriculum and standard of education taught in various states and school districts. American educators are puzzled by the fact that Chinese students are so apt in science and math (the subjects that underlie the future of any nation) than the US, where performance on the two areas has become phenomenally poor. Since 2006, China has consistently produced over nine times more engineers than those produced by the US educations system. There are more teachers in China than in the U.S. at the elementary and middle levels (Mathur, 2009). On the other hand, Chinas education system has been termed substandard as compared to other international systems. There is a high level of corruption, cheating and simplification of course content. This has made the government to rethink on reforming the system. While the elementary education has seen China surpass the US in the number of graduates, high school education is very poor in China with majority of Chinese dropping out to work instead of joining colleges. The rate of college admission to the number of those who complete elementary education is at 16% in China and 37% in the US. Another important facet of comparison is the immigration of students to worlds most prestigious learning institutions. Chinas rate of enrollment in international schools is at 25% while that of the US is 1.5%. Buy custom China’s Education System essay

How to Form Plurals of Compound Nouns

How to Form Plurals of Compound Nouns How to Form Plurals of Compound Nouns How to Form Plurals of Compound Nouns By Mark Nichol Many compound nouns present a challenge when it comes to determining how to convert them from singular to plural form. The solution usually seems simple enough slap on an s but the plural appendage doesn’t automatically go at the very end. Here’s the rule about how to figure out whether to write that, for example, during your last golf game, you shot two hole-in-ones or two holes-in-one. (After all, just because you’re lying doesn’t mean you should ignore proper grammar.) The plural inflection s or its variants should be attached to the element of an open or hyphenated compound noun that changes in number. Hence, for example, â€Å"chief of staff† becomes â€Å"chiefs of staff,† not â€Å"chief of staffs† and â€Å"mother-in-law† becomes â€Å"mothers-in-law,† not â€Å"mother-in-laws.† Some terms, however, are ambiguous: Should you write â€Å"attorney generals,† or â€Å"attorneys general†? The former treatment disregards that attorney is the key element; general, in this usage, is an adjective, not a noun. (This reverse placement of adjective and noun is a legacy of the French origin of the term.) But â€Å"attorneys general† seems stilted and odd to many people, who prefer treating such compound designations like military ranks: A reference to more than one brigadier general, for example, would mention â€Å"brigadier generals,† not â€Å"brigadiers general,† even though general, recall, was originally a postnominative adjective. However, similar terms are straightforward: â€Å"Secretary-elect† becomes â€Å"secretaries-elect,† and the plural form of â€Å"heir apparent† is â€Å"heirs apparent.† Note that the rule does not refer to closed compounds, because in this type of compound, the element that changes number is invariably at the end: More than one headache involves multiple aches, not a plurality of heads (notwithstanding that reference can be made to more than one person having a headache at a time), mention of two or more copies of a handbook correctly emphasizes book, not hand, and households is likewise the correct form for describing more than one household. But there are exceptions, as in reference to more than one passerby; that’s because, unlike the examples given above, this closed compound does not consist of two nouns combined in one word. Passersby, too, observes the general rule that the changeable element receives the plural inflection. And what of compoundlike words formed from the combination of a noun and the suffix -ful? Dictionaries, responding to variable usage, list both a plural form in which the plural inflection follows the noun and a variant in which the s is appended after -ful. However, some people find the former structure awkward (handsful, teaspoonsful), while the -fuls form (handfuls, teaspoonfuls), to many, looks and sounds more logical. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1Body Parts as Tools of MeasurementSit vs. Set

Research Methods Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Methods - Research Paper Example ntral role in any study and are said to have very close relation with the purpose of the study in the sense that the research questions are what directs any research work. Moreover, the research questions can support the research in its objective of achieving the possible answer to the thesis. The central research question in this proposed study what are the factors that help reduce on smoking rate. There are other research questions which support the leading research question. These are: There are six major research designs that can be used by researchers. Among these, the researcher shall settle with the use of survey research design. Generally, surveys entail a representative research whereby data collected from a group of people is generalized for a wider population base. The term survey is used widely in research work. It refers to the process of selecting a relatively large sample of people from a predetermined population in which the researcher is interested in. This process is followed by collecting a small quantity of the data out of the selected individuals. This information is then used by the researcher in making inferences concerning the wider population. In using the survey, collection of data are in a standardized form usually achieved through interviews or by a questionnaire. Surveys are always designed in away to providing snapshots of state of things at any specific time’. This strategy is suited to descriptive type of studies, although limit ed to aspects of a situation. The method has some disadvantages and advantages. These include: first, the research gives data that are based on empirical data secondly the coverage of many events implies more likelihood of some other approaches to obtaining data that are based on representative samples. This may be generalizable for a whole population. Thirdly, survey produces large data within a short time at a fairly low cost. This implies that researchers can come up with small time-span for a given

Identify the key reasons for privatisation of public utilities or Essay - 1

Identify the key reasons for privatisation of public utilities or institutions and discuss the likely effects in Australia - Essay Example o gradually privatise a large number of its public utilities particularly within the three sectors known as the: (1) financial services; (2) electricity and gas; and (3) transport and communication (Reserve Bank of Australia Bulletin, 1997, p. 7). Basically, there is absolutely nothing wrong with privatising public enterprises especially when there is a strong need for the government to come up with large amount of money to finance the development of public infrastructure or given that the government is no longer capable of properly managing a business enterprise. However, it is also possible for the entire society to experience economic and social problems given that the selling of public utility to the hands of the private sector heavily involves infrastructure (Strachan, 1998). To enable the readers to have a better understanding why the Australian Government heavily relied on privatisation back in the 1990s, the key reasons behind the privatisation of public utilities in Australia will be thoroughly discussed. In the process of going through the main discussion, the possible consequences or effects of implementing the privatisation of public utilities in Australia will be tackled followed by demonstrating real-life examples to support the student’s point-of-view. As part of the conclusion, whether or not the key reasons behind the privatisation of public utilities in Australia can be considered as a good political strategy in terms of being able to provide the general public with affordable and good quality services will be justified. For many years, Australians had become very dependent on the Australian government when it comes to the delivery of good quality public services. As part of considering the social welfare of the general public, the government had to spend a large sum of money to improve the public utility services without overcharging the people with the quality services they receive. Partly because of globalization and the limited amount of

The Fault in Our Stars Essay Example for Free

The Fault in Our Stars Essay The fault in our Stars, the fifth successful novel by the author John Green, is a story about two fictional characters by the names of Hazel Grace Lancaster and Augustus Waters. It is a romance about the two teens that just happen to meet at a cancer support group. Hazel, the leading woman protagonist, has cancer and Augustus had cancer. Augustus having cancer explains why he came to the support group with Isaac; a one eyed mutual friend of theirs that eventually has surgery to have his eye removed which will free him from cancer. Augustus falls in love with Hazel despite her having cancer, and Hazel falls in love with him, even after a devastating reveal that Augustus’ cancer has returned. So despite them both having cancer, they still love each other unconditionally, and they would’ve been together at an old age until death did them part if it weren’t for Augustus’s death literally â€Å"doing them part† â€Å"You have to understand that Hazel is still sick, Augustus, and will be for the rest of her life.† (pg._p_) This is what Hazel’s dad says to Augustus when they first meet, so it is pretty clear to Augustus that Hazel won’t be able to do a lot of the things he is able to, because she is sick and he is not (at the moment). Later proof of them being in love is when Hazel goes to the hospital due to poor oxygenation. â€Å"Well, there’s a kid who has hardly left the waiting room since you got here,† (pg._p_) This is what Hazel’s nurse tells her when Hazel wakes up. It turns out that Augustus stays in the hospital waiting room all day and night until he can finally see her. He could’ve easily got scared and run away, but he stayed and was there for her through it all. The last reason why I know that Augustus was in love with hazel is because of The Genies. The Genies are a book version of the Make-A-Wish foundation created to give cancer patients one wish. After being disappointed that she couldn’t afford to go to Amsterdam to meet her favorite author, Peter Van Houten, Augustus suggests that she used her wish. Unfortunately, she had already used her wish on Disney world (â€Å"I can’t believe I have a crush on a girl with such clichà © wishes† said Augustus on (p.g. _p_) they both saw this as a joke since it’s so clichà ©) when she was 13, so Augustus offered that  they both used his. Augustus basically used HIS wish for her! Even after she had complications with seeing if she could go or not since one of her doctors decided it wasn’t safe, Augustus held through. He discovered firsthand something that would affect their relationship because of her cancer, and he didn’t give up on them. Besides Augustus, Hazel had her love moments as well. After she found out that Augustus’ Cancer was back, she did not leave him. One of my favorite quotes in the book is this: â€Å"What am I at war with? My cancer. And what is my cancer? My cancer is me. The tumors are made of me. They’re made of me as surely as my brain and my heart are made of me. It is a civil war, Hazel Grace, with a predetermined winner.† (p.g. _p_) There’s one part that gets to me in this book. It takes place when Augustus gets super sick and it is predictable that he will die very soon. Augustus like keeping a pack of cigarettes in his pocket all the time and he occasionally puts one in his mouth, never lighting it. â€Å"Its a metaphor, see: You put the killing thing right between your teeth, but you dont give it the power to do its killing. (p.g. _p_) One night, Hazel receives a panicked call from him, telling her to come help him. When she arrives at the location he tells her, she finds him covered in his own vomit, hands pressed to his belly where his g-tube was supposed to go. He was trying to buy another pack of cigarettes because he had lost his, but it was clear he couldn’t do anything for himself anymore. At that moment, they both knew that the end was near. Hazel knew it was coming and she stuck with him until the moment she got the phone call telling her it was over. If neither of them had cancer, there is absolutely no doubt that they would be together until the very end. They were in love with each other despite all of their obstacles. I recommend this book to anyone who’s up for laughter, tears, and for whoever likes sappy romances. John Green did well once more.

School Districts Essay -- Education, Teachers

Every school district aims for high achievement; some consistently exceed expectations while others fail. With close to 3.2 million teachers employed nationwide (Fast Facts, 2011), school districts are often categorized into three groups: urban, suburban and rural. Within these categories, lower socioeconomic status is prevalent in the rural and urban areas. However, the students in urban districts are the most culturally diverse. Many people would assume a teacher in a rural school would use similar to identical teaching strategies as one in an urban school. However, this assumption is incorrect for several reasons. Students in urban schools endure many hardships unique to its location and the social issues that exist. This research expository will serve as a guideline for success for administrators and teachers in urban schools and teachers. In this unique environment, it’s critical that teachers build off the most important resource they have: the student body. Urban distr icts have many disadvantages and face my tribulations in its quest to become a successful school (meeting standards). The teachers in urban districts have typically been very unhappy compared to those who teach in rural and suburban districts. Many teachers claim they are dissatisfied because they feel their role is minimal in deciding important educational decisions such as curriculum. In these urban districts, a top-down approach is commonly used and teachers have claimed to feel as though the wrong people are making the most important decisions. Many administrators feel it is necessary in today’s urban educational environment because of the amount of first year teachers hired every year. Another reason district administrators create curriculum is b... ...tion needed to succeed in the school. In experimental studies, urban schools that use service learning as a curriculum guideline have seen attendance and test scores rise while behavior issues subside. Laws, such as No Child Left Behind, that threaten failing schools with punitive penalties if test scores do not meet a standard are fueling the growing pandemic that is the failing urban schools of the United States. It must be understood that education in the public school system cannot be solved with an old fashioned cookie cutter approach; not all schools should be treated the same. The fact is all schools are unique because they are filled with individuals stemming from their own unique cultural background. Motivation and personalization is key; by tapping into their interests and lifestyle, teachers can bridge the gap between success and repeated failure.

Analysisng the Print Media Coverage of Birtish Football Players Essay

Analysing the print media coverage of professional football players: British magazines and newspaper coverage of female players and officials in the women’s super league and females in football. Introduction The following research analyses coverage of women’s football and women involved in football in both nationally and locally distributed magazines and newspapers. The focus of the research looks at how the journalists refer and describe the women’s performance through interviews, writer’s columns and match reports, it is a long term study looking at data from October 1995 until the present day. With the recent introduction of a women’s super league and the existing premier league, most of the data revolves around these leagues, although there are also interviews with officials involved in overseeing the men’s game. The investigation found an extremely unequal balance in coverage between men and women’s sport, particularly football. When it was featured in a more general audience magazine such as Four Four Two or You magazine, there was often reference to the women’s appearance, partners and family life, as well as the man’s game. Alternatively in match reports featured in team specific publications such as programmes and fanzines there was much fewer references to the male game and a greater focus on skill and performance. Methodology Data collection The magazines and newspaper articles collected came from widely circulated publications including the Liverpool football club magazine, Four Four Two magazine and You magazine a supplement publication from the Mail on Sunday. The audience for these magazines are generic and not aimed particularly at one gender, although that is not to say both genders are equally likely to read it. The sport specific magazines are mainly focused on men’s football and representatively more men take an interest in football and are likely to buy the magazine. However it does feature articles about women’s sport. With the recent introduction of the women’s super league the focus of much of the in the more contemporary articles has been on this, however there are articles from 1995 until the present day. Sampling The data was chosen from a selection of publications that had been collected from 1995 until 2011, the articles that featured women’s football were found and the ones that had sufficient information about the team and the games they were involved in rather than just mentioned or the fixtures were used. The articles predominantly contained Liverpool ladies, although England, Everton and Chelsea teams were looked at along with an interview with a female official. The limitations of the sample are that most of the coverage comes from Liverpool’s match day programme and given the late start of the women’s season there has only been recent coverage of the current season. Also there are only relatively few articles in the publications and the collection was not exhaustive so some articles may have been missing from the archive, particularly away games and several months issues of Four Four Two. Data analysis After the data was collected it was read over and a content analysis was carried out, looking at lexis choices, tone and attitude of the writer towards the female athletes and officials. Points of interest and themes were highlighted in the articles, particularly the address of the female athletes, reference to the men’s game, and any sexual references. In articles containing interviews the questions put to the footballers were looked at for interviewer bias looking at any agenda the writer may have for presenting the woman’s game. The articles are in the appendices. Analysis Looking at the names of the teams involved in women’s premier league and super league is perhaps the most obvious form of subjugation within football. Names such as ‘Millwall Lionesses’, ‘Doncaster Rover Belles’ (LFC programme 11th April) and ‘Leeds City Vixens’ are part of the women’s football league even the national team are known as the ‘three Lionesses’ (You magazine 11th March) or the Australian national team ‘the Matildas’ (Four Four Two Oct 07). Other teams who just have the names of male football team names such as Everton are known ‘Everton ladies’, the name of the teams, although some may just be nicknames rather than official league names, put women in a lower position than men. Given that the game of football is not naturally gendered, it is not a male game, the idea that there is a need to differentiate they are female teams is quite surprising. In articles such as the Echo article from the 21st April, there is only an initial reference to gender in the headline ‘Dowie rescues a point for dominant ladies’ to prevent any confusion with the male team but throughout the rest of the interview, it is unbiased and simply refers to the players as members of the team, with references such as ‘the Toffees’ or simply just ‘Everton’. In other magazines such as LFC weekly from the 12th April when talking about the start of the new season in women’s football, the writer refers to the teams gender 60 times, 24 references to ‘ladies’ and ‘women’ 33 times. If the gender had been stated at the beginning of the article then there would be little reason to continue referencing the gender repeatedly throughout. The Everton programme from 11th December 2004 (LFC VS EFC) the women’s team is referred to as ‘the Girls in Blue’, the word girls is usually used to describe a young female which conjures up ideas of inexperience and immaturity. However in this instance it does not appear that is the writers intention to imply the women are any less than the best, after all Everton are one of the consistently best performing women’s team and it is in fact the only reference in the article about gender. It is more likely in this case, just a play on words adapting the slang reference to police as the boys in blue, McLoughlin (2000) looked at how magazines the writers expectations of women come through the text about what is accepted behaviour for women to do, football is still fairly off limits to women. Ultimately this will have some power over the reader who may feel pressure to conform to norms in the media. Throughout almost all of the articles the female players are referred to as ladies, although the competitions are the women’s super league and women’s premier league when the specific teams are mentioned they are called the ‘ladies’ for example ‘Liverpool ladies’ (LFC programme 10th Jan 98). This is an example of asymmetry not purely because of the use of diminutive ladies but also the need to differentiate from the male game. It would seem that it is normalising football as a male game as Liverpool men or any other team would not be referred to as Liverpool gentlemen, Janet Holmes also looked at the loaded meanings of the word ladies in her 2000 study. Gentlemen is the antonym of ladies which conjures up the images of gallantry and traditional ideas of gender, male ootball players would never be referred to as this as these are not the images that are desired for playing football, there will be evidence of respect and sportsmanship but it is a competition and a contact sport that has some level of controlled aggression and fierce competitiveness. Yet the women are referred to as ladies, this conjures up images of a reserved, gentle fairer sex, however they are just as capable of playing a hard tactile game. Therefore the programme from October 1995 ‘ladies fight back’, title is almost an oxymoron as ladies and fighting are not compatible images. While a feminist may take offence at the reference to women’s football as ladies, given the context it would seem that writers are not trying to demean women by using it and it would appear the women they are referring to are happy to be known as that, or surely by now the strong women in the game would have done something to have this changed. Later in the same programme the divide is further noted when the journalist writes ‘first-ever women’s derby match to be played at our famous stadium’, it is a common feature that youth teams play big games at Anfield even testimonials with male celebrities, yet it is made to be an honour at the thought of a women’s game occurring there, what is made worse is the description of the ground ‘our famous stadium’, this gives the impression it is solely for the men’s team, the fan’s, the writer, almost everyone except the women’s team, who should feel privileged to play at the ground. Messner and Duncan (1993) believe that sport media are wary of changing the coverage of women’s sport as it would challenge the male hegemony, this is also supported by Hardin, Lynn and Walsdorf (2005) and Curry, Arriagada and Cornwell (2002). With the recognition of women’s football by FIFA only happening in 1991 according to the October 2007 Four Four Two interview with the England team, the female game is still very much emerging. However women have been playing football and taking part in sport for centuries. By highlighting this is only ‘the second world cup England have qualified for’. He is raising the issue that the sport was only recently recognised yet taking away from the women’s achievements by bringing up the point that they hadn’t qualified many times before. As it is stated further in the magazine they have to balance ‘having full time jobs and preparing for the biggest tournament of your lives’, it is hardly surprising that they do not qualify as often as the men do as most of the players must remain amateur and the two games annot realistically be compared. The emergence of sports such as football has derived from local games that took part in villages as looked at in work by Reiley (2005) and Gerhadt (1993); mob games where two neighbouring villages would compete to get an object over the boundary into their village in order to win the game. These were very violent and thought of as no place for ladies to be, as the governing bodies developed from the public school systems like Rugby and Eton where the boys would take the village games and refine them, it was still very much a boys world as at that time girls schools would not have encouraged these type of games. It was once thought that if women took part in sport it would impact on their child baring abilities. Eventually women were introduced to non contact sports such as tennis but it took many more years before they began to play more aggressive sports. Many of the male teams that are in existence today such as Everton and Arsenal were developed from churches and factories for social reasons around the time of the industrial revolution, there is evidence of women’s teams developing slightly later during the times of war as the men went to fight and women were left behind to run industries, at the same time they started up their own teams, however it is only within the last 20 years that FIFA recognised the women in the sport. With the introduction of many modern women’s football leagues and competitions and the use of female officials in the male game, it would appear that women’s teams are receiving a much greater coverage in the media. In mainstream football magazines such as Four Four Two and LFC magazine women’s football has featured over the last 16 years, however it appears only now that it has become somewhat of a regular feature. While the men’s team, the reserve and youth teams have always had a weekly place in the Liverpool programme, with its own section women’s sport seemed confined to the occasional feature in the ‘community’ section. Stories from 1995 until more recently have covered the occasional trivial story such as the women’s team working with a school tournament shown in the October 1995 ‘girls shoot it out’ extract. Little emphasis was put on the team’s performance, rather the feeling that by covering this story Liverpool are showing what a caring club they are. Other features within the community section have been the clubs charity work internationally and with children with disabilities, by clumping the women’s team in with these stories it suggests that they are not on the same level as the men’s game and it is almost a privilege to be featured along with the ‘main team’, that the coverage of the women’s game is almost charitable. While some may argue that the programme is reporting on the events of the men’s first team and this may be why the women do not feature frequently, then surely the features of the reserves and youth team games should be only covered occasionally. Slowly this does appear to be changing, although the women’s leagues only start the season after the male counterparts, in the hope that the male game does not over shadow the women’s game, women’s football has featured in the recent Liverpool programme every home game recently and it has also moved from being covered in the community section to the ‘news’ (see Liverpool vs. Manchester city April 2011). However when it does feature in the publications however it is rarely a full page, often less than a quarter of a page as in the Liverpool programme (October 2008 LFC vs. Portsmouth) within a 82 page magazine, although the LFC weekly featured a 4 page article in a 50 page magazine. It would appear female footballers are finally gaining more acceptance in the media. Sexualisation of females within men’s magazines such as nuts and zoo is a common feature, the main reader of football specific magazines are men, so it may be expected that women are also portrayed as sexual objects in them. However this does not appear to be the case for much of the features found in the media, although there are still some examples of it. The interview with the England team in Four Four Two from 2007 talks to the women about their chances in the world cup, the interview asks questions such as ‘the Australian women’s team ‘the matildas’ posed nude for a calendar. Would you ever consider doing likewise? , another example of this is the interview in you magazine when the writer refers to the team as ‘the group of leggy and enviably toned young women’, women may be viewed as sexual objects in some of the male dominated readership magazines as a way of gender commodifcation an idea supported by work by Whannel (2000), a way of conforming to male ideals that in buying the magazine about football and sexualised women they are becoming more manly, that it ok to view women as objects men are the dominant gender, magazines and the media have some part to pl ay in the socialisation of today’s youth according to Wilemsen (1998), he even believes magazines widen the gap and differences between the genders. It is good then that the female athletes and officials are being covered about their roles in the mass media, but there is still some way to go to completely remove the gender stereotypes and bias. Although saying that, there are many interviews featured in magazines with male sports stars that objectify images of them and pass judgement on their physique, for some this may seem a positive move that women have the same powers over men but it may be better to feature women in the female magazines that other women can look up to and aspire to be like. It would also appear that coverage in a magazine that is aimed more at women but a more generic audience, You a supplement with The Mail, recently did a feature of the England team also discussing their chances at the world cup. Throughout the interview with the individual players they were given a small character description such as ‘the captain’ or ‘the veteran’ which are acceptable as they describe their role and dedication to the sport, however others were described as the ‘young mum’ or ‘the Beyonce fan’, while this style of reporting may be to normalise the girls and create a bond between the player and the reader who may have similar attributes, it also implies that they are doing something out of the ordinary and taking away from the girls sporting achievements by feminising and trivialising them.